I pity you, Iron Man!! For though you do not even suspect my existence, you head the list of those the Mandarin has vowed to destroy! And the Mandarin never fails! 
- —The Mandarin[src]
History
Early Life
Mandarin was the son of one of the wealthiest men in pre-revolutionary mainland China (who claimed to be a direct descendant of Genghis Khan) and an English noblewoman. Both parents died upon their son's birth, and he was raised by his aunt, who was bitter about not being the inheritor of the family fortune. Every bit of the wealth he inherited from his parents was spent teaching him science and martial arts, consequently he was broke upon reaching adulthood. Unable to pay the taxes on his family estate, the Mandarin and his aunt were rendered homeless. His aunt died almost immediately thereafter, but he felt no grief for her thanks to his harsh quasi-military upbringing.
Hoping to find a means of avenging himself upon the civilization that had taxed him and rendered him homeless, the Mandarin explored the dreaded Valley of Spirits, where no one had set foot for centuries. There he found the skeleton and starship of Axonn-Karr, an intelligent dragonlike alien from the planet Maklu-4, who had come to Earth centuries ago and been killed by humans. [1]
_from_Tales_of_Suspense_Vol_1_62_001.jpg){kind=link}
Over the following years, the Mandarin reassembled the starship's extraordinarily advanced machinery within an ancient deserted castle which he found within the Valley of Spirits, and studied the Makluan science until he had mastered it. He also learned how to use the ten rings he found within the starship. The Mandarin then subjugated the villages around the valley, and, through his science, rapidly became a power that not even the Chinese Army could successfully challenge.[2] [3][4][5][6][7][8]
Iron Man
He embarked on a long series of attempts to achieve world domination, all of which failed, usually due to the efforts of Iron Man, his American arch-nemesis. The two met for the first time when Iron Man was sent to China at the request of the US military high command and the CIA. Iron Man smuggled himself into China and was air dropped near the Mandarin's castle. He fought his way through the Mandarin's troops and the pair confronted each other, however the Mandarin's power rings were able to incapacitate Iron Man and he was taken prisoner. Soon Iron Man was called upon by the government to investigate reports of a powerful man operating in China calling himself the Mandarin. [9][3] The Mandarin then attempted to have his minions examine Iron Man's armor, but it was too well protected for them to learn its secrets.[3] Iron Man eventually revived and broke free from his imprisonment and engaged in a rematch against the Mandarin.[9][3] There are two account as to what happened next. In the original account, Iron Man was able to hold his own against the Mandarin but was forced to flee in order to catch his pick up flight in time.[9] A later account states that Iron Man's armor was heavily damaged and Stark himself seriously injured battling his foe. Iron Man managed to escape after detonating the Mandarin's castle. Stark barely managed to make it back to the United States and to repairs and medical attention in time. Following his battle with Iron Man, the Mandarin then began to study his foe. Learning that Iron Man was in the "employ" of Tony Stark, he believed that this was an attack on him by the western world and began accelerating his plans for global conquest, ordering his sleeper agents all over the globe to become active.[4]
Then Ebenezer Laughton was approached by the Mandarin's sleeper agents who created the Scarecrow identity for him, but the Scarecrow failed to defeat him. With his most recent plan a failure, the Mandarin then sent his son Temugin to infiltrate Stark Industries with orders to kill Tony Stark and Iron Man.[5]
Among the Mandarin's earliest schemes was the sabotage and theft of American missiles and spy planes built by Tony Stark. To restore public confidence in his workmanship, Stark donned his Iron Man armor and flew to China to investigate.[10]. Iron Man foils the Mandarin's plot to collect missiles which the Mandarin has stolen, and destroying the device before riding one of the stolen US missiles back to the States.[11]
Mandrarin, set-up a satellite in orbit and used it to destroy Stark's home. While Iron Man survived all watching believe that Tony Stark is killed in the explosion.Learning that it was the Mandarin, Iron Man flw to stop his arch-foe, only to be bombarded and weakened from blasts from the Mandarin's rings once he gets into close proximity of the Mandarin's base. Weakened he battles the Mandarin's robot guard Koto, who easily defeated Iron Man. It was then he revealed his origin to Iron Man[12] Breaking loose of the Mandarin's trap, Iron Man then stops the rocket from hitting it's target by redirecting it back at the Chinese military, leaving them to believe that the Mandarin had betrayed them.[1]
The Swordsman during a battle with the Avengers vanished mysteriously. He awoke in the lair of the Mandarin. The Mandarin allied himself with the Swordsman, giving him a more powerful sword. He then created an image of Iron Man which he sent to the Avengers, vouching for the Swordsman's membership. Once in the Avengers Mansion he planted bombs to destroy them. He later had a change of heart and tried to remove the bombs, but is caught by Captain America, who believed he is attaching them. After a brief battle the Swordsman escaped again. [13]
Mandarin was among the many costumed menaces assembled by Doctor Doom to disrupt the wedding of Reed Richards and Susan Storm[14].
Mandarin used Ultimo, a 30-foot alien android possessing vast destructive. [15] He sent the monster against Iron Man. [16] Ultimo is ultimately undone by the lava flow loosened by its own blasts and the Mandarin takes solace in his inevitable conquest of the world and believing to have killed Iron Man's employer Tony Stark.[17]
The Mandarin's teleportation technology, derived from Makluan science, enabled him to kidnap people at will or teleport himself out of threatening situations. The Mandarin teleported Harold "Happy" Hogan,[18] a friend and confidant of Iron Man, to his castle in China half a world away, precipitating his fifth encounter with Iron Man.[19] Hogan had been wearing the Iron Man armor at the time to help protect his employer's secret identity, and the Mandarin mistook him for his true foe. Rescuing Hogan, Iron Man physically bested the Mandarin for the first time in personal combat and redirected the missiles that the Mandarin had launched at the Mandarin's castle, destroying it.[20]
The Mandarin escaped by means of his teleportational machinery, and materialized aboard his orbiting satellite. There he constructed a gem-like device capable of broadcasting "hate-rays" toward Earth, and assembled several superhuman allies to perform certain missions for him, Living Laser, the original Power Man, Swordsman, Enchantress, and Executioner. The Avengers managed to thwart the Mandarin's scheme and destroyed his satellite. [21]
The Mandarin then established a base in China's Gobi Desert and turned his attentions to the Hulk for a time, hoping to make the dull-witted brute an accomplice. [22] However he was not able to defeat the Hulk.[23]
Mandarin tried desperately to prove that Tony Stark is Iron Man. He received a Hulk android and kidnapped Janice Cord in order to see if Iron Man would try and save her. Although the Mandarin's identity was concealed by a purple rag it was clear who he was because of his costume. Iron Man was lead to a factory where he destroyed the robot.[24] He then was kidnapped and his mask removed. The Mandarin saw that the face under the mask wasn't Tony's while at the same time seeing how Mr. Stark was giving a speech. Mandarin went into a rage allowing Iron Man (who had hidden his true face under another mask) to escape. [25] Meanwhile, the Mandarin approached the robot Stark and broke him, at which moment the real Iron Man entered and fought the Mandarin. In the middle of the fight, the Mandarin escaped with his aircraft, but was shot down and brought into custody.[26]
Mandarin hires the Sandman (Flint Marko) to take out the Hulk after his last defeat. [27]
The Mandarin battled Captain America in Vietnam. Mandarin explained to Cap that he captured Dr. Robert Hoskins in order to increase the conflict to decimate both sides of the war so that he can take over the region easier. Captain America broke free and rescue Hoskins.[28]
Holding Iron Man captive for the fourth time, the Mandarin tried to learn if Iron Man was actually Stark, but Stark fooled him with a rubber mask over his own features. His plans thwarted, the Mandarin tried to kill Stark's current girlfriend Janice Cord but the Mandarin's betrothed Mei Ling saved her at the cost of her own life.[29]
Returning to China, the Mandarin sought a means to increase his rings' power and learned of the legendary Eye of Yin, a talisman of power created by an ancient group of Chinese sorcerers. The Mandarin maneuvered the Royal Family of the Inhumans (who at the time lived in the nearby Himalayan Mountains of Tibet) into locating the idol for him. But before he could fully incorporate the Eye's power in his rings, Black Bolt overpowered him, stripped him of his ten rings, and hid them.[30].
Unable to find the rings, the Mandarin journeyed back to the "Valley of Spirits" and the ruins of the Makluan starship wherein he first acquired the rings. There he found a headband containing technology which enabled him to recover the rings. The Mandarin used his new found power to restore his castle to its original state. The Unicorn, another frequent opponent of Iron Man, sought the Mandarin's aid in curing him of a progressive disease.[31] The Mandarin and the Unicorn travelled to America to attack their common enemy Iron Man, but in the heat of battle, the Mandarin found that the headband had somehow exchanged his consciousness with that of the Unicorn. The Mandarin was forced to flee, desperate to rescue himself from the Unicorn's dying body.[32]
When the Mandarin arrived at his castle in China, he found that it had been taken over by Yellow Claw, another Oriental mastermind. The Mandarin was forced to find another laboratory to try to restore his brain back to its rightful body.[33] With the unwilling aid of the Japanese mutant Sunfire, the Mandarin restored his mind to its rightful body. In battle with Iron Man again, the Mandarin's interim headquarters was destroyed.[34] The Mandarin then launched an attack on the Yellow Claw in an attempt to regain his own castle. The Mandarin was fatally injured when the Yellow Claw robot he had been battling exploded.[35] As the Mandarin lay dying, he used the headband's mind-transferring capacities to transfer his consciousness into his ten rings. When the rings were confiscated by the Yellow Claw's power-hungry servant Loc Do, the Mandarin's consciousness entered Loc Do's body, permanently driving out Loc Do's.[36] Using his Matter-Rearranger ring, the Mandarin transformed Loc Do's body into a younger duplicate of his original one. The Mandarin returned to his castle, discovering that it had again been destroyed.[37]
After rebuilding it, the Mandarin attempted to capture Iron Man using his teleportation devices, but once again caught someone else clad in his armor. This time it was Michael O'Brien, who would later become a friend of Stark's. Iron Man flew to O'Brien's rescue, clad in an old set of armor, thwarted his attempt to bomb the United States, saved him, and for a second time bested the Mandarin in personal combat. Perhaps due to the effect of the Mandarin's mental domination ring on him, Iron Man did not take the Mandarin into custody, but permitted him to remain free to launch further threats against the world.[38][39]
The Mandarin later schemed to transform the Vibranium mound in the African country of Wakanda into isotopic form that destroys the molecular cohesion of metals. He was thwarted by Iron Man and the Black Panther. [40]
Another plot involved attempting to destroy China's entire rice crop in order to provoke World War III, during which he encountered James Rhodes, during his custodianship of the Iron Man armor.[41] The Mandarin hired Radioactive Man to take out Iron Man.[42]
Later, while Anthony Stark was trying to set up a branch of Stark Enterprises in Hong Kong, Iron Man and the Mandarin came into conflict yet again. The Mandarin had taken the name of Zhang Tong, and had become a financial leader in Hong Kong. As Tong, he controlled a number of government officials and industry leaders of Hong Kong. The Mandarin thwarted all of Stark's attempts to set up a business branch, even resorting to murder.[43] The Mandarin now employed a group of followers, called the Hand, to do his dirty work. While on missions for the Mandarin, members of the Hand were allowed to take one of the Mandarin's rings and use its powers. If the Hand member was captured, he would fanatically try to kill himself. If the Hand member was killed or knocked out, the ring would automatically teleport back to the Mandarin.[44]
At one point, the mutant hero Psylocke passed through the mystic portal known as the Siege Perilous. The portal transformed Psylocke slightly and relocated her to an Asian shore, where she immediately encountered the Hand assassin Kwannon and the two somehow merged their minds/personalities.[45] The Hand brought Psylocke to the Mandarin, who oversaw Psylocke's transformation into the Hand's ultimate assassin. Psylocke was eventually rescued by her X-Men teammates Wolverine and Jubilee, and Psylocke defeated the Mandarin, causing events which led to the Mandarin's exile from the Hand.[46]
Fin Fang Foom
The Mandarin travelled to San Francisco's Chinatown to find Chen Hsu, who is responsible for stealing one of the Mandarin's power rings and replacing it with a duplicate. Chen Hsu politely returned the true ring to him. Once the Mandarin slipped it on he doubled over in pain and fell to the floor. [47] Chen Hsu now used his own mystic knowledge to remove the shadows that have clouded the Mandarin's memory for so long. The Mandarin returned to Valley of the Sleeping Dragon where he came upon a huge ancient doorway, built into side of a mountain. It was in the temple he found the ancient dragon Fin Fang Foom.[48] Mandarin has awoke the dragon and offered to enter into a covenant with him in an effort to re-mold the world.[49]
Chinese soldiers converge on the location of the Valley of the Sleeping Dragon in southeastern China. Fin Fang Foom emerges and completely razes the entire region, he thanked them for waking him and pledges to grant them a merciful death. However Chen blew some smoke at Fin Fang Foom and he fell unconscious.[50]In China, he and Chen Hsu's control over Fin Fang Foom, had allowed them to take over one-third of the entire country.[51] Chen Hsu grew annoyed at the Mandarin arrogance he threatened him he would reveal his true form.[52]
The Mandarin sent a message to the Chinese government declaring that he expected them to yield total and complete control over the entire country over to him. Failure to do so will incur the wrath of the Mandarin and Fin Fang Foom.[53] The Mandarin had a nightmare that Chen Hsu told him represented his mortality.[54] The Mandarin exercised by defeating four of China's best warriors in unarmed combat, slaying one who panicked by trying to use a weapon from Mandarin's wall display, then told Chen Hsu he has focused his chi and is ready.[55] When Iron Man confronted the Mandarin and Fin Fang Foom he was easily defeated bt the dragon.[56] During the battle eight other dragons appeared.[57] It is revealed that many thousands of years ago, a number of aliens from the planet Kakaranthara, fourth planet of the star Maklu, traveled to Earth to look for the conflict which was unknown in their culture, and which they craved. The ship crashed, stranding them on Earth for thousands of years, after which the Mandarin found the ship and claimed their rings.[58] Now, they demand them back, but he refused them. Iron Man forcibly combined his power with the rings, and managed to destroy the Makluan dragons.[59] The blast vaporized the Mandarin's hands, and renders him comatose.[60]
Heart of Darkness
Sometime later, the Mandarin had discovered the Heart of Darkness, an orb of apparently mystic energy.[61] The Mandarin must confront demons from his past, and overcome previous failures to claim his inheritance, The Heart of Darkness! [62] He used to turn back time in China.[63][64]
Iron Man, with his team Force Works and ally War Machine, broke his power, but not before the Mandarin discovered that Tony Stark was the man inside the Iron Man armor.[65] Iron Man infected Mandarin with a techno-organic virus, and the orb, seeing him infected with technology, rejected the Mandarin and imploded. Iron Man believed him dead, but in reality the Mandarin was transported and transformed by the last flare of the orb's magic, turned into a janitor in the Hong Kong branch of Stark Enterprises. [66]
Return
The Modern Mandarin.
Eventually, Mandarin's memories returned to him and instead of trying to crush technology, Mandarin believed that the feudal system of yesterday had merely been transformed into the capitalism of today.[67] Mandarin set into motion plans to create a giant flying fortress called the Dragon of Heaven[68] through which he could conquer Russia and eventually the world.[69] During this time, Iron Man reappeared after being believed dead in a battle against the psychic menace Onslaught. The Mandarin initiated a series of attacks on Iron Man, culminating in a battle in the Dragon of Heaven.[70] Mandarin's primary purpose was not conquering Russia, but to test Iron Man and prove him worthy as a foe and to justify Mandarin's own thoughts on capitalism. Iron Man successfully destroyed the Dragon.[71]
An aged man named Khan was found by Karim Mahwash Najeeb in a psychiatric ward, chained and meditating. Najeeb presented him with new rings and asked the Mandarin to join his cause. He was met with silence. Najeeb then ordered his men to shoot the old man. The Mandarin freed himself, with one of Najeeb's men supplicating to him. He accepted the rings; revealing his original rings had been grafted into him.[72]
As Tem Borjigin, he ran the Prometheus Corporation.[73] As part of his manipulations, he provided terrorist groups with bio-weapons. Maya Hansen's death was faked so she could work on Extremis projects for him.[74] The Mandarin coerced Cooper Roth to work for him in order to save Roth's mother. He also influenced Secretary Kooning to oppose Tony Stark's investigations in the Omaha area.[75]
Long Way Down
The Mandarin freed Ezekiel Stane, the boyfriend of his daughter Sasha Hammer, from prison in order to use Stane's genius for his own end, as a tool to destroy Tony Stark.[76]
Together, Stane and the Mandarin revamped numerous of Tony Stark's old foes to wreck havoc across the world, including Blizzard,[77] and Dreadnoughts.[78] The Mandarin used a photo of Iron Man having his armor in short cut to manipulate the press into reporting that Tony Stark had been drunk,[77] compromising Stark's image as an appropiate pilot of the armor, ultimately making the military force him install a device that allowed them to shut down the Iron Man armor when necessary.[79]
Said device was used before Stark could heed a call for help to stop Melter's rampage in Los Angeles, giving General Bruce Babbage, an ally of the Mandarin, the excuse to deploy War Machine, who was fatally injured in battle after the Melter was aided by Whirlwind and the Living Laser.[79]
To Mandarin's surprise, Stark quit being Iron Man.[80] However, this was part of Stark's own counter-plan against the Mandarin, in addition to faking War Machine's dead, and having him assume the identity of the new mysterious Iron Man.[81] Furious by the unexpected turn of events, the Mandarin tried to assassinate Stark by deploying Chemistro and Mauler,[82] but the attempt was thwarted by the new Iron Man.[83]
In addition to Iron Man's destruction, the Mandarin had Ezekiel work on the Titanomech,[78] as a mean to provide bodies to the spirits inside his rings, which had been pulling Mandarin's strings since long ago.[84] However, Stane's first demonstration of a Titanomech failed miserably.[80] The Mandarin took control of Stark's mind and turned him into a slave to build the Titanomechs.[85]
With three Titanomechs done, the Mandarin took three of his rings and put them on the machines. However, the Mandarin didn't have everything under control, as Stark and Ezekiel were planning on rebelling against their "master," for which Tony enlisted the help of fellow prisoners.[86] Blizzard, Living Laser and Whirlwind heeded the call. Additionally, Resilient was able to use the microbots known as the Swarm to track down Tony's repulsor tech and find him. The Mandarin was informed that Resilient was looking for Stark, and decided to finish with him, even if that endangered the production of the final Titanomechs. In that moment, Tony and his allies started the rebellion against him.[87]
While Whirlwind, Blizzard and Living Laser destroyed the Mandarin's armories, Stark tried to fight the Titanomechs, and Ezekiel to destroy a giantic drill the Mandarin had built for an unrevealed purpose. During the final showdown against the Mandarin, the drill was activated and its purpose was revealed, it was going to drill the Earth to access to its core to fuel the Titanomechs.[88] The Dynasty and the Triumph Division arrived just in time to turn the tie of the battle in Stark's favor. Meanwhile, Resilient reporpused the Swarm to power up Stark, who in turn weaponized it and used it to destroy the Titanomechs and the drill. At the same time Stark was dealing with the Titanomechs, Stane had taken the Mandarin one-on-one and killed him.[89]Attributes
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Powers
- Chi Manipulation: The Mandarin possesses superhuman physical prowess. The Mandarin can survive for years without food and water by living on stored Chi.[90]
Abilities
- Martial Arts:The Mandarin is a superb athlete with tremendous skill in the various martial arts.[91]
- Super-Genius Intelligence: The Mandarin is one of the world's greatest scientific geniuses. Not only has he made himself into an authority on Makluan science, but he has also built upon this knowledge by making further discoveries based upon it.[91]
- Historian: The Mandarin is extremely knowledgeable on ancient history, specifically that of Asia and China.[91]
- Multilingual: The Mandarin is fluent in various languages most notably English and his native Mandarin Chinese.[9]
Paraphernalia
Equipment
Formerly a forcefield generator in costume; formerly possessed the Heart of Darkness and the Eye of Yin.[92]
- Interceptor Ray: This ray could supposedly catch anything that moves, regardless of speed, and return it to the Mandarin's Castle within the hour. This device was used by the Mandarin to interfere with the US Military's use of Stark Industries new Observer Missiles in Vietnam. The Ray was destroyed by Iron Man[93].
- Killer Satellite: This orbiting satellite could project powerful blasts of laser energy against targets on the Earth's surface. It was used to attempt to destroy Tony Stark's private estate. [12].
- Jet Car: This sleek hover vehicle was utilized by the Mandarin.[1].
Weapons
- Makluan Power Rings; The Mandarin can psionically activate these for a variety of effects.
Henchmen
Chiang (Earth-616)
.png){kind=link}
Major Chiang
Transportation
- Teleportation via his rings or other technologies.
See Also
- 154 appearance(s) of Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 15 appearance(s) in handbook(s) of Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 35 minor appearance(s) of Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 80 mention(s) of Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 8 mention(s) in handbook(s) of Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 101 image(s) of Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 26 quotation(s) by or about Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 2 victim(s) killed by Mandarin (Earth-616)
- 10 item(s) used/owned by Mandarin (Earth-616)
Links and References
Technology sub-page: Mandarin/Technology
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Tales of Suspense #62
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man Annual #1
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #1
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #2
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #3
- ↑ Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #4
- ↑ Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #5
- ↑ Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #6
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Tales of Suspense #50
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #54
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #55
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Tales of Suspense #61
- ↑ Avengers #20
- ↑ Fantastic Four Annual #3
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #76
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #77
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #78
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #84
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #85
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #86
- ↑ Avengers Annual #1
- ↑ Incredible Hulk #107
- ↑ Incredible Hulk #108
- ↑ Iron Man #9
- ↑ Iron Man #10
- ↑ Iron Man #11
- ↑ Incredible Hulk #114
- ↑ Captain America #125
- ↑ Amazing Adventures (Vol. 2) #3
- ↑ Amazing Adventures (Vol. 2) #4
- ↑ Iron Man #57
- ↑ Iron Man #58
- ↑ Iron Man #68
- ↑ Iron Man #69
- ↑ Iron Man #70
- ↑ Iron Man #99
- ↑ Iron Man #98
- ↑ Iron Man #100
- ↑ Iron Man #101
- ↑ Iron Man Annual #5
- ↑ Iron Man #179
- ↑ Iron Man #180–181
- ↑ Iron Man #241
- ↑ Iron Man #242
- ↑ Uncanny X-Men #256
- ↑ Uncanny X-Men #258
- ↑ Iron Man #260
- ↑ Iron Man #261
- ↑ Iron Man #262
- ↑ Iron Man #263
- ↑ Iron Man #264
- ↑ Iron Man #265
- ↑ Iron Man #266
- ↑ Iron Man #267–268
- ↑ Iron Man #269
- ↑ Iron Man #270–272
- ↑ Iron Man #273
- ↑ Iron Man #274
- ↑ Iron Man #275
- ↑ Iron Man #276
- ↑ Marvel Comics Presents #169
- ↑ Marvel Comics Presents #170
- ↑ Iron Man #306–311
- ↑ War Machine #8–10
- ↑ Force Works #6–7
- ↑ Iron Man #312
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 3) #1
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 3) #2
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 3) #3
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 3) #9
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 3) #10
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 4) #16
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 4) #21
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 4) #22
- ↑ Iron Man (Vol. 4) #23–34
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #33
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 Invincible Iron Man #510
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Invincible Iron Man #512
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Invincible Iron Man #514
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Invincible Iron Man #516
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #517
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #518
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #520
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #522
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #521
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #523
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #524
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #525
- ↑ Invincible Iron Man #526
- ↑ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition #19
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe (Vol. 2) #8
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #7
- ↑ Tales of Suspense #54–55
- ↑ War Machine #10
- ↑ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z Vol 1 7